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Sremski Karlovci (Сремски Карловци, ) is a town and municipality located in the South Bačka District of the autonomous province of Vojvodina, Serbia. It is situated on the banks of the Danube, from Novi Sad. According to the 2022 census results, it has a population of 7,872 inhabitants. The town has traditionally been known as the seat of the Serbian Orthodox Church in the Habsburg Monarchy. It was the political and cultural capital of Serbian Vojvodina after the May Assembly and during the Revolution in 1848.
In 1521, Ottoman Empire military commander Bali-beg conquered Karom under the Ottoman Empire's invasion of Europe. During the next 170 years, the town was part of the Ottoman Empire. The Slavic languages name for the town – Karlovci, was first recorded in 1532/33. During Ottoman rule, the town was still predominately Serbs in ethnicity, with the smaller part of population composed of Muslims. According to the Ottoman from 1545, the population of Karlovci numbered 547 Christianity (Serb) houses. The city also had three Orthodox churches and a monastery. From 1557, it belonged to Eparchy of Belgrade and Srem of the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć.
After this peace treaty, the town was considered part of the Habsburg monarchy and was included in its Military Frontier. According to 1702 data, the population was composed of 215 Orthodox and 13 Catholic houses. By 1753, the population of the town numbered 3,843 people, of which 3,110 were classified as ethnic Serbs.
The town was the spiritual, political and cultural center of the Serbs in the Habsburg Monarchy. The Metropolitan of the Serbian Orthodox Church resided here. In the early 21st century, the Serbian Patriarch retains the title of Metropolitan of Karlovci.
The town had the earliest Serb (and Slavic in general) gymnasium (Serbian: gimnazija/гимназија, French language: lycée), founded on 3 August 1791. Three years after this, the Orthodox seminary of Sremski Karlovci was founded here. It was the second-oldest Orthodox seminary in the world (after the Spiritual Academy in Kyiv), and it still operates.
At the May Assembly in Karlovci in May 1848, Serbs declared the unification of the regions of Srem, Banat, Bačka, and Baranja (including parts of the Military Frontier) into the province of Serbian Vojvodina. In the late 18th century, the Habsburg monarchy had invited numerous settlers from Bavaria and southern Germany into some of these regions along the Danube, in order to repopulate the area and re-establish agriculture after the effects of the Ottoman invasion and disease. The Germans, who became known as Danube-Swabians, were allowed to keep their language and Catholic religion. For more than a century, they had fairly autonomous settlements.
The first capital of Serbian Vojvodina was in Karlovci; it was later moved to Zemun, Zrenjanin, and Temišvar. At the same time the title of the Orthodox Metropolitan of Karlovci was raised to that of Patriarch.
When Serbian Vojvodina was in 1849 organized as the new province named Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar, the town of Karlovci was not included into this province. It was returned to the administration of the Military Frontier (a Petrovaradin regiment that was part of Slavonian Krajina). With the abolition in 1881 of the Military Frontier, the town was included in Syrmia County of Croatia-Slavonia, the autonomous kingdom within Kingdom of Hungary and Austria-Hungary.
An Orthodox Patriarchate of Karlovci operated after 1848 in Karlovci until 1920, after World War I. At that time, the position was joined with the Metropolitanate of Belgrade to form the united Serbian Orthodox Church, in what was then the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
Between 1921 and 1944 the Patriarchate of Karlovci's Palace was the seat of the administration of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia.
In 1922, the town became the headquarters of White movement émigrés under the leadership of General Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel. In 1924 he set up the Russian All-Military Union, designed to include all Russian military émigrés the world over. Many emigres went to western Europe, especially France, and to the United States. "Wrangel, Petr Nikolaevich, Baron", Encyclopedia 1914-1918 A monument to Wrangel, sculpted by Vasiliy Azemsha, was unveiled in September 2007 in Karlovci. Споменик белом барону Politika, 13 September 2007.
Between 1929 and 1941, the town was part of Danube Banovina, a province of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. During World War II (1941–1944), after Nazi Germany's invasion of eastern Europe, the town was occupied by forces of the Axis Powers. It was attached to the Independent State of Croatia. During that time its name was changed to Hrvatski Karlovci. After the end of the war, most ethnic Germans were expelled from eastern Europe. The town became part of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, Serbia.
Between 1980 and 1989, Sremski Karlovci was one of the seven municipalities of the city of Novi Sad.
In January 2021 PM Igor Mirović announced a reconstruction of the facades of historically important buildings in Sremski Karlovci.
Ethnic composition of the municipality of Sremski Karlovci:
| 6,820 | 77.94% |
| 576 | 6.58% |
| 182 | 2.08% |
| 71 | 0.81% |
| 63 | 0.72% |
| 41 | 0.47% |
| 29 | 0.33% |
| 25 | 0.29% |
| 16 | 0.18% |
| 15 | 0.17% |
| 14 | 0.16% |
| 11 | 0.13% |
| 969 | 11.07% |
| 8,750 |
| 11 |
| 4 |
| 282 |
| 1 |
| 39 |
| 27 |
| 222 |
| 71 |
| 125 |
| 23 |
| 8 |
| 2 |
| 31 |
| 92 |
| 220 |
| 284 |
| 18 |
| 14 |
| 66 |
| 1,537 |
In the Serbian local elections held on 24 April 2016, Sremski Karlovci elected a new municipality parliament, ending the rule of the DS in the town. Nenad Milenković, of the Serbian progressive Party, was elected as the new mayor of the municipal parliament.
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